Cross and Fisher 1977
Cross and Fisher 1977 is a landmark and oft referenced study. I could not find it online, it is in multiple volumes and I am not sure which is which: e.g. here is vol III
In the study, the authors categorized the 36 types of crashes (Type 1 through 36) into 7 groups (Group A through Group G.).
The city of Toronto has a comprehensive 2003 study, and here is a comparative report from 1982 and Misoula, MT. Listening to Bike Lanes, Hiles delves into the overtaking (Group G, especially type 13) crash types. The Crash-Type Manual for Bicyclists by Carol Tan is newer and follows the Cross & Fisher types, then adds a few others.
The Cross/Fisher Class - Types, Percentage injuries/fatalities
| Accident type | Cross/Fisher Study: (injuries/fatalities) |
| Class A: Bicycle ride-out from driveway, alley and other midblock locations | |
| Type 1: residential driveway ride-out | 5.7%/6.7% |
| Type 2: commercial driveway ride-out | 3.2/2.4 |
| Type 3: parallel direction driveway ride-out | 2.5/2.4 |
| Type 4: ride-out over shoulder or curb | 2.5/3.6 |
| Total Class A: | 13.9%/15.1% |
| Class B: Bicycle ride-out at controlled intersection | |
| Type 5: stop sign or yield sign | 10.2%/7.8% |
| Type 6: signal phase change; cyclist caught in intersection | 3.1/0.6 |
| Type 7: ride-out at signal: multiple threat | 2.0/2.4 |
| Total Class B: | 17.0%/12.0% |
| Class C: Motorist turn/merge/drivethrough/driveout | |
| Type 8: Motorist driveout from commercial driveway/alley | 5.3%/0% |
| Type 9: Motorist failure to yield at stop or yield sign | 10.2/1.2 |
| Type 10: Motorist failure to yield at signal | 1.9/0 |
| Type 11: Motorist backing from driveway | 0.8/0 |
| Type 12: Motorist didn’t even slow for sign or signal | 0.5/1.2 |
| Total Class C: | 18.7%/2.4% |
| Class D: Motorist overtaking/overtaking threat | |
| Type 13: Motorist overtaking, cyclist not seen | 4.0%/24.6% |
| Type 14: Motorist overtaking/out of control | 0.7/4.2 |
| Type 15: Motorist overtaking/counter active evasive action | 1.7/2.4 |
| Type 16: Motorist overtaking/misjudged space required to pass | 2.0/1.8 |
| Type 17: Motorist overtaking/cyclist’s path obstructed | 2.0/0.6 |
| Type unknown: (why is this class D?) |
0.1/4.2 |
| Total class D: | 10.5%/37.8% |
| Class E: Bicyclist unexpected turn/swerve | |
| Type 18: Bicyclist unexpected left turn; parallel paths; same direction | 8.4%/8.4% |
| Type 19: Bicyclist unexpected left turn; parallel paths; opposite direction | 3.2/3.0 |
| Type 20: Bicyclist unexpected swerve left; parallel paths; same direction | 1.5/3.6 |
| Type 21: Wrong-way bicyclist turns right; parallel paths | 1.1/1.2 |
| Total Class E: | 14.2%/16.2 |
| Class F: Motorist unexpected turn |
|
| Type 22: Motorist unexpected left turn; parallel paths; same direction | 1.3%/0.6% |
| Type 23: Motorist unexpected left turn; parallel paths; opposite direction | 7.6/0.0 |
| Type 24: Motorist unexpected right turn; parallel paths | 5.6/1.8 |
| Total Class F: | 14.5%/2.4% |
| Class G: Other |
|
| Type 25: Vehicles collide at uncontrolled intersection; orthogonal paths | 2.8%/0.6 |
| Type 26: Vehicles collide head on, wrong way bicyclist | 3.6/2.4 |
| Type 27: Bicyclist overtaking | 0.9/0.6 |
| Type 28: Head-on; wrong way motorist | 0.8/1.8 |
| Type 29: Parking lot | 0.8/0.8 |
| Type 30: Head-on; counteractive evasive action | 0.1/0 |
| Type 31: Bicyclist cuts corner when turning left | 0/0.6 |
| Type 32: Bicyclist swings wide when turning right | 0.3/0 |
| Type 33: Motorist cuts corner when turning left | 0.4/0 |
| Type 34: Motorist swings wide when turning right | 0.1/0 |
| Type 35: Motorist driveout from on-street parking | 0.3/0 |
| Type 36: Weird | 0/7.2 |
| Total Class G: | 11.2%/13.8% |
Notes: The study covered 166 fatalities, and 753 non-fatal injuries.
71% of the type 13 were in the dark, vs. only 30% of fatalities in general.
Tan study, type 13: Rural roads were overrepresented almost 2:1 (62 to 38%), Darkness overrepresented, High (60-70kph) and Very high speed (80+kph) roads overrepresented, 2 lane roads overrepresented.
Related link: The first Cross study.
October 21st, 2007 at 4:52 pm
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